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Las claves para entender la caída de FTX

El miércoles de la semana pasada, apareció un artículo en CoinDesk que desató una crisis. Afirmaba que el balance de Alameda, un fondo de cobertura de criptomonedas propiedad del fundador de FTX, Sam Bankman-Fried, poseía miles de millones de dólares de la propia criptomoneda de FTX, FTT, y la había estado utilizando como garantía en otros préstamos. Si este fuera el caso, una caída del valor del FTT podría perjudicar a ambos negocios, dada su propiedad compartida. 

Pero el propio FTT no tenía ningún valor más allá de la antigua promesa de FTX de comprar cualquier token a 22 dólares, lo que hacía temer que toda la institución fuera un castillo construido sobre arena.


¿Qué es FTX?

Con sede oficial en las Bahamas, FTX se gestiona desde EE.UU., con sus mayores oficinas en Chicago y Miami.

Es un exchange de criptomonedas que ayudaba a la gente a comprar y vender criptoactivos. Todas las criptomonedas se basan en la misma estructura básica que su activo estrella, el bitcoin. Una “cadena de bloques” (blockchain) disponible públicamente que registra la propiedad sin que haya ninguna autoridad central que la controle. FTX es grande e importante porque, junto con su rival, Binance, procesa la mayoría de las operaciones con criptomonedas en todo el mundo.

Tanto FTX como Binance son bolsas “internacionales”, el equivalente en criptomonedas a un casino en el extranjero. Cada uno de ellos opera también un punto de venta regulado por los Estados Unidos, que sigue de cerca la escasa regulación del gobierno estadounidense, pero la mayor parte del dinero que fluye a través de sus libros no está restringido por los requisitos reglamentarios.


¿Por qué ocurrió esta caída?

FTX tiene una criptomoneda nativa llamada FTT, que los operadores utilizan para operaciones como el pago de las tasas de transacción. El año pasado, el Sr. Zhao vendió su participación en FTX al Sr. Bankman-Fried, que la pagó parcialmente con tokens FTT.

El 2 de noviembre, la publicación CoinDesk informó sobre un documento filtrado que parecía mostrar que Alameda Research, un fondo de cobertura dirigido por el Sr. Bankman-Fried, tenía una cantidad inusualmente grande de tokens FTT. Se supone que FTX y Alameda son negocios separados, pero el informe afirmaba que tenían estrechos vínculos financieros.

Binance anunció el 6 de noviembre que vendería sus tokens FTT “debido a las recientes revelaciones”. En respuesta, el precio de FTT se desplomó y los operadores se apresuraron a retirarse de FTX, temiendo que fuera otra empresa en declive.

FTX se apresuró a procesar las solicitudes de retirada, que ascendieron a unos 6.000 millones de dólares en tres días. Parecía haber entrado en una crisis de liquidez, lo que significaba que carecía de dinero para satisfacer las solicitudes.

El martes, Binance dijo que había llegado a un acuerdo para rescatar a FTX mediante la compra de la empresa. Pero, el Sr. Zhao añadió en el anuncio, “Binance tiene la discreción de retirarse del acuerdo en cualquier momento”.

En un anuncio simultáneo, el Sr. Bankman-Fried dijo que el acuerdo protegería a los clientes y permitiría a FTX terminar de procesar sus retiros. Intentó disipar los rumores de conflicto entre FTX y Binance, añadiendo: “estamos en las mejores manos”.


¿Cómo ha afectado al mercado de criptomonedas?

El sector cripto ha estado luchando por convencer a los reguladores y a inversores de que es digno de confianza. La caída de FTX, que parecía más estable que otras empresas, y la retirada de Binance han sacudido el mercado.

Desde que comenzó la crisis de FTX, bitcoin se ha desplomado desde los 20.000 dólares hasta los 16.500. El sector en general ha caído casi un 5% en los últimos días. Un popular token del protocolo Solana, por ejemplo, que permite a los usuarios de esa blockchain comerciar con bitcoin, depende de FTX para su valor: si el intercambio se hunde, no está claro si alguno de los bitcoin de ese protocolo sería recuperable, borrando millones de dólares de la existencia de la noche a la mañana.

Y, como en cada caída de las criptomonedas, todas las miradas están puestas en Tether, la “stablecoin” de 70.000 millones de dólares que sustenta gran parte de la economía del sector. El jueves por la mañana, el token se desprendió de su “paridad”, cotizando a 0,98 dólares. El director de tecnología de la empresa que emite Tether, Paolo Ardoino, tuiteó para tranquilizar a los inversores, señalando que la empresa había procesado unos 700 millones de dólares de retiradas en las últimas 24 horas. “No hay problemas”, dijo, “seguimos adelante”.

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